SPARK SCIENCE 

a page dedicated to

the FUN of science.  

By the way, this pic above is the ANT NEBULA.   

It is one of the tell-tale signs that we live in an 

ELECTRIC UNIVERSE! 

The following is a brand new paper ( Dec 2024) from Dr. Gerald Pollack  I would normally publish the link and not the entire paper but there were extenuating circumstances which demanded this format.   Buckle up and Enjoy!!

Is it Oxygen, or Electrons, that our Respiratory System Delivers?

Gerald H. Pollack, Ph.D.

Department of Bioengineering

University of Washington

Seattle WA 98195

ghp@uw.edu

ABSTRACT Arguments are put forth that during respiration, it is not oxygen gas that

passes from the alveoli to the capillaries, but electrons extracted from the oxygen. Those

electrons are theorized to bind to hemoglobin. They are then passed by the circulation

directly to the tissues, where they support metabolism. Issues confronting the standard

respiratory paradigm are identified, while various observations are put forth that seem

consistent with the direct role of electrons in the respiratory process.

Key words: hemoglobin, electrical charge, alveoli, EZ water, oxygen, electrons,

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Questioning whether we breathe oxygen must surely seem bizarre, for oxygen deprivation

leads quickly to suffocation, followed by death. Could there be any question?

Yet, certain enigmas emerge from the widely held mechanism of respiration, which are

rarely addressed. Here I consider several of them. I then go on to suggest a mechanistic

variant by which those enigmas resolve in a natural way. The variant involves a central role

of electrons. For sure, oxygen is critical for life, but I raise question whether it is the oxygen

itself that is the critical agent, or electrons extracted from the oxygen.

I begin by citing an issue that is not commonly considered by those dealing with respiration:

the breathing of fish. At extreme depths, oxygen is in short supply; yet fish manage to

survive. If vertebrate life requires oxygen, then how do those fish make it? This paradox is

relevant to our consideration, and I will deal with it later.

For now, we focus on humans.

Passing Gas

Every few seconds we cycle between inspiration and expiration.

During inspiration, our lungs draw in atmospheric gases, comprising not just oxygen

(~21%), but also nitrogen (~78%). We also breathe argon (~1%) and several trace gases.

Most of those inspired gases never make it past our lungs. Only oxygen manages apparently

to pass from the alveoli (air sacs in lungs) to the capillaries that envelop them (Fig. 1).

Nitrogen does not ordinarily pass, nor does argon. Hence, whatever mechanism supposedly

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facilitates passage of oxygen to the cardiovascular system must somehow block the other

atmospheric gases. The inspiratory process appears to be selective.

Augmenting our understanding of the selectivity issue is the passage of various gases that

are noxious. Examples include the halogens. As poisonous gases, fluorine and chlorine

presumably exert their toxic effects on body tissues, which implies they must first pass

through the alveolar membrane to the blood. Yet, both molecules are substantially larger

than nitrogen, which ordinarily cannot pass. Thus, size is evidently not the determining

factor in the passage from alveoli to blood.

There appears to exist a complex selectivity paradigm: certain noxious gasses pass, oxygen

passes, but other atmospheric gases including the most abundant one, nitrogen, do not pass.

Clearly, the inspiration mechanism must be less simple than we often presume.

Nor can we fully rationalize the expiration process.

Expired gas is presumed to contain carbon dioxide

(Fig. 1). As an end product of metabolism, that gas is

considered to follow the reverse course of inspiration,

supposedly passing from tissues to blood, then from

blood to lungs, where it gets released into the

atmosphere. Thus, CO 2 is yet another gas to be added

to the mix of those that do apparently manage to pass

through the lung-blood barrier, notwithstanding that

molecule’s hefty size.

The mix of molecules that do or do not pass raises the

obvious question: how? Why do some gases pass but

not others? Or even more fundamentally, how does gas

pass through any continuous membrane?

Confounding Issues

For explaining the passage of molecules through membranes, the commonly accepted

driving mechanism is diffusion. By the force of Brownian motion, gases are thought to

pressure themselves through membranous barriers. On the other hand, gases such as oxygen

form bubbles in liquids, shifting the question to how a bubble could diffuse through a

continuous membrane.

A possible mechanism is the opening of pores. Since each balloon-like alveolus expands

during inspiration, expansion could open membranous pores, allowing oxygen to pass. But if

oxygen passes, then why not nitrogen as well? Not only does nitrogen have a smaller atomic

mass, but also it is four times more prevalent than oxygen. With the pore-size explanation,

then, you’d think we’d breathe mainly nitrogen — or at least a goodly amount. Hence, that

potential mechanism appears unlikely.

Figure 1. Respiratory system, as

commonly conceived. Alveolar oxygen

passes from alveoli to red blood cells in

capillaries. Carbon dioxide follows the

reverse path.

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A possible rescue: On theoretical grounds, some textbooks argue that notwithstanding its

larger mass, oxygen’s volume may be ever so slightly smaller than that of nitrogen, making

its passage easier; so we breathe mainly oxygen. But that argument faces obstacles.

Considering that the volumes of the two molecules are at least roughly comparable (they are

neighbors on the periodic table) the rate of passage of the two gases should be of the same

order. We should breathe both. Further, a slightly deeper inspiration that opens the alveolar

pores a bit more would favor the struggling species: nitrogen. Yet, even with deep breathing,

nitrogen fails to pass at all from alveoli to the blood.

Another rescue option circumvents all of those gas-based considerations. Since the alveolar

membrane is a complex cellular system, thereby containing water, one could envision the

dissolution of oxygen in membrane’s water. Through such dissolution, molecular oxygen

could theoretically pass through the alveolar membrane to the capillaries. The problem is

quantitative. The solubility of oxygen in water is so extremely low (roughly 10 molecules of

oxygen per million of water) that we’d be perpetually struggling to breathe. Hence, this

option fails to solve the problem.

The question remains: How can we understand why some gases seem to pass easily from

alveoli to capillaries while others do not? Relative molecular size apparently fails to provide

a meaningful explanation. No obvious answer seems at hand.

A second and entirely different issue deals with efficacy. To capture as much oxygen as

possible from those alveolar air sacs, blood ought to surround each alveolus as a continuous

sheath, like a glove enveloping a hand. But it does not. The capillaries that surround the

alveolus are separated. In most species they are quantitatively sparse: total capillary surface

area enveloping each alveolus is estimated to be of the same order of magnitude as the

surface area of the alveolus itself (1). While this measure might at first seem generous, it is

not. Only a small fraction of the vessel circumference can intersect the alveolar surface.

Hence, only a modest fraction of alveolar oxygen should make its way into the capillaries,

the rest wastefully diffusing beyond — a curious situation when nature might be expected to

maximize oxygen transfer.

Continuing on this same (lack of) efficiency theme, a third issue concerns capillary

diameter. An odd feature of capillaries is their narrow diameter, down to ~3 – 4 µm in in

healthy young adults. This is half the diameter of the red-blood cells, 6 -7 µm, that need to

pass through them. The issue is especially prominent in alveolar capillaries, with roughly

half of all capillaries narrower than red cells (2). Squeezing erythrocytes through those

vessels requires energy, and any such energy expenditure, one might think, ought to have

some well-defined purpose.

Hence, the third enigma emerges: Why are capillaries so narrow as to require the

appreciable energy expenditure in order to allow red-blood cells to pass through? Has

mother nature erred? Or might the squeeze be necessary to facilitate some critical, yet-to-be-

identified purpose?

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In sum, an understanding of respiratory-system function appears to face a series of

paradoxes. The first: how does the alveolus permit gas passage through its membranous

shell, apparently with complex selectively rules? The second relates to the overall physical

system design: while the gas should pass efficiently from alveoli to capillaries, why are

alveoli-capillary interfaces as sparse as they are? The third question is energetic: why are

pulmonary capillaries so narrow that erythrocytes must be energetically forced to contort in

order to flow through?

It appears that aspects of the respiratory system seem to deviate from the simple designs

anticipated from nature. These issues don’t disqualify the conventional mechanism, but they

do raise question whether some variant of conventional thinking might better fit the facts.

Oxygen seems necessary for animal life. But might the underlying oxygen-utilization

mechanism involve something beyond the framework of what we’ve come to accept?

Hypothesis

I suggest that it’s not oxygen gas that our bodies require, but electrons drawn from that

oxygen. That is, no gas flows from alveoli to capillaries, only electrons extracted from the

oxygen gas.

To appreciate how this dynamic might occur, we must recognize that the oxygen molecule is

highly electronegative, one of the most electronegative elements on the periodic table. That

means it has a profoundly strong tendency to accumulate electrons.

Whether any tendency exists to give up those electrons in the right circumstance is less

clear. Conceivably, some of those electrons could be drawn off by positioning a positive

charge close enough. When opposite charges lodge near one another, electrostatic attraction

can be of impressive magnitude. Any such positively charged entity could thus serve as a

receptacle for oxygen’s electrons. And if that positive entity happened to lie within a

capillary, then it could transport those electrons directly to tissues downstream, where

needed. Hence, drawing electrons from even the most electronegative substance would seem

at least plausible.

Recognizing the ultimate need for electrons in tissue metabolism, one could envision the

electrons initially transferred from oxygen to red blood cells, then delivered downstream to

relevant sites in tissues. In such a way, the electrons required for metabolism could be

delivered directly to the tissues, absent any intermediate steps.

Does reason exist to entertain such an hypothesis?

First, the mechanism averts issues associated with gas flowing through membranes. No gas

flows in this mechanism; it’s only electrons that flow. Those electrons could theoretically

come from any source, oxygen being perhaps the most capable, though not unique (see The

Fish Conundrum, below) donor.

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Second, the erythrocyte squeeze can be rationalized. Those squeezed erythrocytes

necessarily abut the capillary wall. In so doing, they ensure contiguous contact: erythrocyte -

capillary wall - alveolar wall. Contiguity averts potential complications posed by any

intervening insulating layers, ensuring high electrical conductance. In fact, the surfactant

layer that lines the alveolus is recognized to have particularly high conductance. Thus,

electron charge could transfer efficiently from oxygen gas on the alveolar side to

erythrocytes on the vascular side. Why capillary diameter would need to be smaller than red-

cell diameter can therefore be appreciated: erythrocyte squeeze may be critical for allowing

electrons to flow readily from oxygen to abutting red-blood cells.

The third point deals with hemoglobin, the main constituent of the erythrocyte. To fit the

hypothesis, hemoglobin would need to bear positive charge in order draw oxygen’s negative

electrons. Once the electrons are bound, hemoglobin’s charge would neutralize, or even

become negative.

Hemoglobin’s two states are widely confirmed (3). The so-called T form is associated with

low pH, i.e., positively charged, while the R form is associated with high pH, or negatively

charged (4). Evidently, the two distinct charge states required in the hypothesis do exist, and

they are well documented. We easily detect them as red (arterial) and purple (venous) blood.

Hence, the proposed cycle would proceed as follows. First, positively charged hemoglobin

draws electrons from oxygen. Then it delivers those electrons to the tissues, regaining its

positive state and recovering its ability to extract electrons from the inspired oxygen.

A central feature of this hypothesis is that the hemoglobin must have the capacity to attract,

and then surrender the electrons that it stores. The attraction (by positive charge) has just

been dealt with. As for the electron surrender, it’s noteworthy that hemoglobin has a

tendency to easily oxidize (5), i.e., to lose its electrons. That feature may be of concern for

blood in storage, but it fits well with expectations of the proposed hypothesis. Hemoglobin

can evidently attract, and then deliver electrons.

Hence, the hypothesis appears to enjoy at least modest foundational underpinning: it averts

complications associated with passage of gas through membranes; it provides rationale for

the bending of erythrocytes; it offers justification for hemoglobin’s two states; and, it

justifies the capillaries’ relative sparseness, with positively charged hemoglobin serving as

the attractor of oxygen’s negative electrons.

A final consideration involves exhalation. The hypothesis implies that at the very least, the

exhaled gas ought to include what remains of the inspired gas after electrons are extracted:

namely, nitrogen and positively charged oxygen. The latter, now with positive charges,

should be highly reactive. Hence, the exhaled gas might be expected to contain some

product of oxygen and nitrogen, and indeed that is the case. Exhaled gas contains nitric

oxide (6).

A possible objection to the proposed hypothesis: If the sole respirational requirement for

survival is electrons, then why are gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide,

6

which are electron-donating, so toxic? Shouldn’t the proclivity for electron donation make

them behave like oxygen?

A possibility is that those gases may lack the capacity to donate multiple electrons. Oxygen

has five oxidation states, -2, -1, 0, +1, and +2, implying a capacity to donate not just one but

multiple electrons. If so, then the hemoglobin transition could require multiple electrons.

That feature is consistent with the natural oxidation of hemoglobin, which favors the loss of

two electrons rather than one (5). If the natural respiration process indeed involves surrender

of a pair of electrons, but the noxious gases can only surrender one, then that could perhaps

explain why noxious gases cannot substitute for oxygen.

Matching Supply with Demand

The proposed respiratory mechanism’s essential product is electrons. Electrons, meanwhile,

are widely recognized as a supplier of fuel for running cells. Hence, correlation exists

between supply and demand.

In the classical demand mechanism, however, exploiting that fuel involves an electron-

transport chain, which ultimately produces ATP. That molecule’s high-energy phosphate

bond is thought to supply the ultimate energy required for powering cellular processes. A

multiplicity of reactions is involved, and it is not my purpose to outline those steps in detail.

Nevertheless, electrons are central features. Hence, electrons are central to the widely

accepted metabolic mechanism, and those electrons are arguably produced directly from the

proposed respiratory mechanism. Supply and demand match.

Given that correspondence, I’m drawn to mention a recently proposed mechanistic variant

that connects supply with demand even more directly. That variant involves intracellular

water. Water molecules, when lying adjacent to hydrophilic surfaces, split into positive and

negative components (7). The negative component has been labeled “fourth phase” or

“exclusion-zone” (EZ) water, earlier termed “structured” water. Building adjacent to the

cell’s hydrophilic surfaces, EZ water largely fills the crowded cell (8). In so doing, EZ’s

negative charge arguably accounts for the cell’s well-recognized negative electrical potential

(9). That electrical potential remains well sustained over the long term.

The cell’s electrical potential, however, is not the main point. The main point is the net

charge underlying that electrical potential. Negative potential implies excess electrons inside

the cell. Those crowded electrons amount to potential energy, expended as the negative

charges naturally disperse. Such energy expenditure is arguably manifested as a so-called

phase transition (8), wherein negatively charged EZ water transitions into ordinary neutral

liquid water and the cellular proteins transition into folded proteins. Those two features do

the work of the cell, e.g., contraction, secretion, nerve conduction, etc. — powered by the

potential energy of excess electron charge (9). Electron charge is central.

Following cellular action, the cell must return to quiescence. Proteins must return to their

extended configuration while liquid water must return to its negatively charged EZ state.

7

The return, therefore, requires electrons. And therein lies the critical point: As proposed,

those electrons may come directly from respiratory oxygen, arriving at the tissues via the

circulation. Absent such an electron supply, the cell could not return to its quiescent state,

subsequent cellular work could not be carried out, and the organism would quickly become

dysfunctional.

That electrons can rebuild EZ, as required in this formulation, has been demonstrated.

Laboratory studies have confirmed that electrons supplied by simple electrical current can

directly convert neutral liquid water into negatively charged EZ water (10, 11). Hence, the

critical step in the reverse phase transition has been experimentally validated.

In the above-described framework of cellular action, the linkage between supply and

demand is particularly tight. Electrons are supplied by the respiratory system, and those

electrons are directly consumed by the tissues. Simplicity prevails. In this context, the

concept of electron donation from the respiratory system would seem to make sense.

The Oximeter Challenge

A potential objection to the above arguments lies in the workings of the common fingertip

oximeter. Clipped onto the tip of the finger, the oximeter is said to measure oxygen

saturation, not electron saturation.

The device consists of two light-emitting diodes (LEDs), each emitting a distinct wavelength

(color) of light. The emitted light passes through the finger, hence through the finger’s

blood. A photosensor on the opposite side of the finger detects the amplitude of each passing

wavelength. Because the absorption spectrum of “oxygenated” (red) arterial blood differs

significantly from that of “deoxygenated” (purple) blood, measuring the relative amplitudes

of those two wavelengths can provide information on oxygen saturation.

But is it genuinely “oxygen saturation” that is being measured? The underlying assumption

is that arterial hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen while venous hemoglobin is devoid of

oxygen. Oxygen appears to make the difference. But we would not know if the difference in

hemoglobin structure arises from electrons, rather than oxygen. The oximeter merely reports

structural differences. It says nothing of the basis of those differences.

We cannot, therefore, assert that the finger-tip device constitutes disproof of the proposed

mechanism. The device is thought to measure oxygen but it could just as well be measuring

electrons.

The Fish Conundrum

A mechanism has been proposed that circumvents certain confounding issues arising from

conventional understanding. The proffered mechanism involves the transfer of negative

charge from the oxygen molecule to the tissues. The critical agent is the electron, not the

gas.

8

To help judge the proposal’s merit, one way is to see whether vertebrate life can persist in

situations in which oxygen is in short supply. If life could be sustained by electrons instead,

then this would lend support to the proposed hypothesis.

Consider deep-sea fish. Oxygen cannot readily diffuse from the atmosphere to depths at

which those fish flourish, often several miles beneath the ocean surface. At those depths,

responsibility for providing metabolic energy would likely not lie with oxygen (12).

Instead, the fish “breathe” the surrounding water.

In such breathing, water is first taken into the mouth. It then passes through the gills,

eventually exiting the fish from its lateral gill slits. That exiting water is confirmed to be

more acidic (positively charged) than the neutral intake water (13). Since the exiting water

has gained positive charge, accounting for the intake water’s neutrality means that the gills

must gain negative charge (OH - ). A mechanism for achieving that charge splitting has been

proposed (14).

The gills, like the lungs, are invested with capillaries. Those capillaries permit the gills’

acquired negative charge to be directly exploited for metabolic needs. Thus, fish arguably

use electrons in the same way proposed for humans and other vertebrates. Oxygen seems

irrelevant for those fish because very little oxygen is present in their waters. Effectively, fish

breathe electrons, not oxygen.

Recall that when out-of-water fish are directly exposed to the oxygen gas in the atmosphere,

they cannot survive. Fish apparently have no capacity to deal with oxygen gas. Something

else must suffice, and that appears to be electrons (from OH - ). The mechanism closely

resembles what is proposed for humans, lending credence to that mechanism.

Evaluation: Respiring Without Hemoglobin

Another consideration deals with the role of hemoglobin. If the binding of oxygen needs

hemoglobin and hemoglobin is removed from the blood, then any survival would imply that

the critical agent cannot be oxygen.

That very procedure has been carried out. The story begins with the well-known 19th

century French physician Rene Quinton, who collected ocean water in proximity of algal

blooms in the Atlantic near the France-Spain border. That water seemed particularly

efficacious: prior to the advent of antibiotics, routine infusions of that water directly into the

vasculature successfully treated infections. Even today, “Quinton Water” remains available.

Quinton performed a series of audacious experiments even before recognizing the clinical

value of this water (15). In early experiments, he infused large amounts of isotonic seawater,

up to 104% of body weight, directly into the saphenous vein of dogs, substantially reducing

the hemoglobin concentration. The dogs recovered. In a later experiment, Quinton withdrew

from the femoral artery essentially all of the dog’s blood (about 5 % of body weight, over

four minutes) until the animal was fully exsanguinated and at death’s door. Only then was

9

the seawater infused, over a period of 11 minutes. Following inevitable functional

difficulties, the dog eventually regained full function, notwithstanding substantial

diminution of blood hemoglobin.

These remarkable experiments demand repetition. If the results are valid, then they throw

important light on the perceived need for hemoglobin, and thus for oxygen. On the other

hand, the substituted seawater does not require hemoglobin to store electrons. The

negatively charged EZ water could deliver electrons to the tissues. As in the fish example,

electrons can apparently substitute for oxygen.

Loss of hemoglobin also happens in accidents and in war, with loss of blood. The acute need

for replacement has spurred considerable research for injectable blood substitutes.

According the Pacific Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (16), one of the most promising

blood substitute seems to be perfluorocarbons. PFCs are derived from fluorine- and carbon-

containing compounds. A salient feature of fluorine is its profound electronegativity: even

more than oxygen. One wonders, therefore, whether blood substitutes might work as

effectively as they do because of their capacity to accumulate, and then donate electrons.

Perspectives

From logical and evidentiary arguments, I have tried to demonstrate the likelihood that the

key figure in the respiration process might not be oxygen, but electrons drawn from oxygen.

I did so by first identifying certain confounding issues with the accepted respiratory

mechanism, and then introducing an alternative that appears consistent with multiple

observations.

The proposed charge mechanism interfaces nicely with the recently proposed cellular action

mechanism, in which intracellular water stands as central to function (7,8). A pivotal feature

of that mechanism is the exploitation of water’s separated electrical charges. While that

mechanism’s existence is not a strictly necessary companion to the proposed respiratory

mechanism, it does provide a natural adjunct, and that is why I mention it.

If the proposed thesis has merit, it should be testable beyond the already-mentioned

considerations. One experimental approach tests whether expired air contains positively

charged oxygen. According to the hypothesis, it should. A second approach tests whether

electrons alone can transform erythrocytes from one state to the other, and the reverse when

those electrons are withdrawn. A third test explores the plasma that surrounds the

erythrocytes: according to conventional thinking, alveolar oxygen should diffuse not only

into the red cells, but also into the space between those cells; thus, plasma should be oxygen

rich. By contrast, the proposed hypothesis predicts that the plasma should contain no oxygen

at all. Carrying out those tests can shed additional light on whether the proposed mechanism,

though radical, has validity.

A general implication of the electron-based mechanism under consideration here is that in

biology, electrical charges may reign supreme — i.e., that electrons may be the dominant

players (17). Those electrons could well constitute the common agents of action not only in

10

the respiratory supply system, but also in the cellular consumption system as well as the

energy-transport system.

In other words, the human body may function less as a chemical machine than as an

electrical machine (18). Electrical phenomena are known to dominate numerous aspects of

human physiology, ranging from cardiac electrophysiology to brain function. Here, I argue

that the respiratory system may function electrically as well. Given the diversity of

phenomena acting electrically, it may indeed be appropriate to think of the body as a

premier electrical machine.

Acknowledgements

For their critical reviews, I acknowledge the helpful comments of Loreta Avdiu, Felix

Blyakhman, Angela Drake-Holland, Csaba Galambos, Kurt Kung, Zheng Li, Amar Neogi,

Greg Nigh, Mark Noble, Maria Okuneva, Brandon Reines, Abha Sharma, Yuchen Shen,

Henk ter Keurs, Alexis Traynor-Kaplan, and Anqi Wang.

Funding

Funding was received from an anonymous donor.

References

(1) Weibel, E.R. (1973). Morphological Basis of Alveolar-Capillary Gas Exchange. Physiol.

Rev. 53 (2), p. 419 - 495.

(2) Doerschuk, CM, Beyers, N, Coxson, HO, Wiggs, B, and Hogg, JC (1993). Comparison

of neutrophil and capillary diameters and their relation to neutrophil sequestration in the

lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 74(6): 3040-3045.

(3) from Wikipedia..”Hemoglobin] ( King, Michael W. "The Medical Biochemistry Page –

Hemoglobin". Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2012-03-20.].

(4) Ye, T and Pollack, GH (2022). Do Aqueous Solutions Contain Net Charge? PLOS One

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275953.

(5) Alayash, AI (2022) Hemoglobin Oxidation Reactions in Stored Blood. Antioxidants

(Basel). 2022 Apr; 11(4): 747. doi: 10.3390/antiox11040747

(6) Ricciardolo FLM (2003) Multiple roles of nitric oxide in the airways. Thorax

58:175–182.

11

(7) Pollack, GH (2013). The Fourth Phase of Water. Ebner and Sons, Seattle.

(8) Pollack, GH (2001). Cells, Gels, and the Engines of Life, Ebner and Sons, Seattle.

(9) Pollack, GH (2014) Cell electrical properties: reconsidering the origin of the electrical

potential. Cell Biology International ISSN 1065-6995 doi: 10.1002/cbin.10382.

(10) Klimov, A and Pollack, GH. Visualization of charge-carrier propagation in water.

Langmuir 23(23): 11890-11895, 2007.

(11) Ovchinnikova, K and Pollack, GH: Can water store charge? Langmuir, 25: 542-547,

2009.

(12) Gallo, ND, Levin, LA, Beckwith, M, Barry, JP  (2018). Home sweet suboxic home:

remarkable hypoxia tolerance in two demersal fish species in the Gulf of

California. Ecology, https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.2539 (27

November 2018).

(13) Wright PA, Hemming T, Randall D (1986). Downstream pH changes in water flowing

over the gills of rainbow trout.  J Exp Biol 126:499-512.

(14) Pollack GH: Charged: The Unsuspected Role of Electricity in the Workings of Nature.

In preparation.

(15) Pangman MJ and Evans M (2017). Dancing with Water: The New Science of Water.

Second Edition, Uplifting Press. ISBN: 978-0975272633. Quoting the original: Quinton, R.

“L’eau de Mer – milieu organique” – (1912: Ed. Masson) Reprinted: Ed. ENCRE 1995.

(16) https://stanfordbloodcenter.org/pulse-artificial-blood-the-future-of-patient-care/

(17) Noble, M.I.M (2021) Electromagnetism, Quanta, And Electron Flow in the

Electrophysiology of Living Cells. World Scientific, London.

(18) Tennant, JL (2010). Healing is Voltage: The Handbook. CreateSpace Independent

Publishers.

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Fieldtrip photos

September 2024

Goblin Valley  

and

 9 Mile petroglyphs

With Bob Hawthorne Jr.

 FANTASY CANYON ... a Fulgurite field.

Moonshine Arch

with Robert Hawthorne Jr.    May 2022

Dragon Canyon

Some other cool spaces

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